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Baqsimi™ (glucagon) nasal powder
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Acute Consequences of Severe Hypoglycemia
There are multiple acute consequences that are of concern with severe hypoglycemia.
Acute changes in body functions can result, including
cognitive impairment
mood changes
hypothermia
neuroglycopenia
autonomic changes, and
general malaise.1
Activities that can be affected or impaired include
work performance
driving performance, and
social functions.1
Increased mortality and acute morbidity can also occur, as well as increased risk of
accidents and falls
injuries
comas and seizures
cardiovascular events, and
Long-term Consequences of Severe Hypoglycemia
There are multiple long-term consequences that are of concern with severe hypoglycemia.
Personal repercussions of severe hypoglycemia include
hypoglycemia fear
decreased quality of life, and
weight gain due to defensive eating to avoid hypoglycemia.1,3
Repeated hypoglycemia events cause an impaired awareness of hypoglycemia. These repeated hypoglycemia events results in a reduction in the glucose level that triggers the counterregulatory response during subsequent hypoglycemia events.1,2
Many social and personal activities can be affected, including
social, educational, and sporting activities
personal relationships, and
employment and driving restrictions.1
Possible worsening of diabetic and vascular complications may occur, as well as increased cardiovascular complications, including
MI
myocardial ischemia, and
cardiac arrythmia.1
Increased neurological complications may occur, including
cognitive function and impairment of development
coma
seizures
stroke or TIA
cognitive decline and possible onset or worsening of dementia, and
brain damage.1
Increased all-cause mortality is also a long-term consequence of severe hypoglycemia.4-6
References
The published references below are available by contacting 1-800-LillyRx (1-800-545-5979).
1. Frier BM. Hypoglycaemia in diabetes mellitus: epidemiology and clinical implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014;10(12):711-722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2014.170
2. Seaquist ER, Anderson J, Childs B, et al. Hypoglycemia and diabetes: a report of a workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and the Endocrine Society. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(5):1384-1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc12-2480
3. Jodar-Gimeno E, Alvarez-Guisasola F, Avila-Lachica L, et al. Quality of life and fear for hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Rev Clin Esp. 2015;2:91-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rce.2014.07.009
4. Bonds DE, Miller ME, Bergenstal RM, et al. The association between symptomatic, severe hypoglycaemia and mortality in type 2 diabetes: retrospective epidemiological analysis of the ACCORD study. BMJ. 2010;340:b4909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b4909
5. Pieber TR, Marso SP, McGuire DK, et al. DEVOTE 3: temporal relationships between severe hypoglycaemia, cardiovascular outcomes and mortality. Diabetologica. 2018;61:58-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4422-0
6. Cryer PE. Severe hypogycemia predicts mortality in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1814-1816. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc12-0749
Glossary
MI = myocardial infarction
TIA = transient ischemic attack
Date of Last Review: August 03, 2018
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